Cultural And Social Aspects Of Health - 2777 Words

Domestic Violence Margarita Gonzalez HHPS 5365.01 Cultural and Social Aspects of Health Dr. Ledingham April 9, 2015 Introduction Domestic violence, also known as spousal abuse or intimate partner violence, occurs when an individual, in a relationship, victimizes their partner. The abuse comes in physical and mental states, in which the abuser uses shame, guilt, intimidation, humiliation, isolation, blame, fear, stalking, sex, or strength for control. This abuse can lead to the victim’s self worth is destroyed, becomes depressed and anxious, feels helpless and alone, and can become suicidal. An abuser, using physical abuse, will direct their blows to parts of the body that won’t show. After the abuse takes place, the abuser will feel guilt of getting caught rather than the guilt they should have hitting their partner followed by excuses and blaming their partner for the abuse. Psychological abuse can lead to emotional trauma, gastrointestinal disorders, and complications in pregnancy. Sexual abuse has also been found to occur in domestic violence cases, in which the victim is raped and can acquire sexually transmitted diseases from their partner (Preventing Intimate Partner Sexual Violence). The need for constant control leads the abuser to give their partner hope that they can change, although the abuser will only stop their abuse when it benefits them. The abuser does not want their partner to consider the slightest thought that they could survive without themShow MoreRelatedMaternal Depression On Child Wellbeing And Development1415 Words   |  6 Pagesfor me ntal health problems, including depression, anxiety, mood disorders and emotional difficulties (PadeskyHammen, 1981; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). The Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2007 has reported that â€Å"at some point in their lives one in five men experience anxiety and one in eight will have depression, whereas for women one in six experience depression and anxiety affects one in three†. As well the results have shown that the percentage of seeking help from health care servicesRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On Mental Health Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURE ON MENTAL HEALTH AND HOW THIS CAN AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEN THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER AND THE CLIENT Introduction The importance of a cross-cultural understanding in Psychology is imperative to successful care and assistance of mental health. Understanding and acknowledging the complexities of different cultures is the beginning of a more informed approach to mental health. Cultural factors and questions play a fundamental role, however, simply acknowledging cultural differences doesRead MoreEssay on Indigenous Health Case Study1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Health is known as a state where an individual is socially, mentally and emotionally stable without the presence of any illness, disease or infirmity (Carson, 2007). Jenny, an indigenous woman is 34 weeks pregnant, she has been complaining about her abdominal pains and after seeing the flying doctor, she was asked to fly back with him as she might be in an early labour. Jenny is concerned about her family; she wonders how they will manage without her. Her mother-in-law lives with herRead MoreHolistic Nursing Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesphysiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects. It is imperative that the nurse conducting these assessments adopts methods in the nursing process that reflects the standards outlined in Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse to ensure the health and wellbeing of the patient is maximized and maintained throughout the time health care is received. Nursing processes are directed at restoringRead MoreCultural Safety in Clinical Practice1658 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of cultural safety, culture is broadly defined to include ethnicity, customs, tradition, beliefs and values as well as socioeconomic status, age, gender, sexual orientation, religious and spiritual beliefs, ethnic/immigration status, values and disabilities (NCNZ, 2011). Culture is about ways of doing things and it can be learned and changed (Jarvis, 2012). Ethnicity on the other hand a is a form of identification or belonging to a social group bonded by common history and cultural traditionRead MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pageshuman behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the political ecology of disease, the interface of the micro- and macro-environments that affect health, the politicsRead MoreConceptualization Of Stigma And Transcultural Considerations Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagescontains five dimensions described below. Cultural knowledge is concerned with understanding concepts regarding culture and a social worker’s application of this knowledge. Cultural competency represents cultural responsiveness in the social work practice. Power, privilege, and oppression address power relationships in broader society and how this effects practitioners ability to understand and respond to these problems. 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According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within Canada. Within these Aboriginal groups, critical mental health issues such as major depression, anxiety, suic idal thoughts,Read MoreThe Program Offers Interventions At Multiple Stages Of Individuals1659 Words   |  7 PagesEvery aspect of this program uses culturally appropriate practices. The program offers interventions at multiple stages of individuals’ time in prison and out of prison. Chapter 36 in the Race, Ethnicity, and Health book, Meredith Minkler defined community based participatory research as â€Å"systematic inquiry, with the participation of those affected by the problem, for the purposes of education and action or affecting social change.† These programs use aspects of CBPR and â€Å"cultural leverage.† Chapter

The Identity Of Maxwell s Performance At The Verizon Center

In this paper, I will discuss the identity of Maxwell, derived from his performance at the Verizon Center. Maxwell’s performance represented his identity as a sensual male artist, whose appreciation for women grew from his mother playing the role of both parents. Furthermore, I will discuss how Maxwell’s influencers have played a role in his development as a Neo Soul artist. First, I will give background on the artist and the genre he belongs to. Next, I will provide background on the concert, such as the venue. Then, I will discuss aspects of his performance that mainly embody Maxwell’s identity. Finally, I will conclude with an overview of how Maxwell’s performance depicts his identity as a sensual, Neo Soul artist. Soul music is†¦show more content†¦Maxwell suffered the loss of his father in a plane crash when he was just three years old, and after this tragedy, he saw his mother become the backbone of the household. The experience made him a d eeply religious child, and he first began singing in his Baptist church in Brooklyn, where his grandmother would take him every Sunday for church service. At age of 17 Maxwell became serious about music, and the year was 1990 when he began writing his own songs using a cheap Casio keyboard given to him by a friend. Maxwell was greatly influenced by early- 80s RB artist such as Al Green, Marvin, Gaye and Prince. While being compared to these artists who influenced him, Maxwell maintained his own style of Neo Soul. Soon, his fan base rose rapidly, and by 1991, he was performing in New York clubs holding up to the comparisons while paving his own path as one of the founding fathers of Neo-Soul RB. Maxwell often says he was a nerd in High School, and his classmates couldn t imagine the shy, awkward teenager being a Neo-Soul Pioneer (online video, YouTube, accessed November 2, 2016). After making a name for himself in the nightclubs, he began to get noticed by major record labels. He gravitated toward Columbia Records, but he had certain aspects of his Page 3 identity such as his creative freedom that he did not want to relinquish. In 1998, in an, interview Travis Smiley, a MTV host whoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Wireless Electricity14464 Words   |  58 Pagesin its present state. Around 1861-62, mathematician James Clerk Maxwell came up with a series of differential equations which described the movement of electromagnetic waves through space. These difficult differential equations were known as Maxwell Equations and opened doors for how the concept of wireless power could finally be made into a reality and put to good use. â€Å"Remarkably, we use them (equations) to this day. Maxwell, by the way, had never seen a radio; they did not exist then, and heRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department , One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Early American Education and Early Education Laws

â€Å"The philosophy of the ____schoolroom______ in one generation will be the philosophy of ____goverment________________ of the next.† – Abraham Lincoln EARLY AMERICAN EDUCATION Harvard Started by the Congregationalist, Harvard was founded as a school that trained men for the ministry of being a pastor (Barton, (2004)). Its philosophy was â€Å"Christ and the church and to the glory of God† (Barton, (2004)). This school produced great men such as Cushing, Pickering and many more that would lay a Godly foundation for education (Barton, (2004)). Yale Started by the Congregationalist, this too was founded as a school to train men for the ministry (Barton, (2004)). This school produced men that signed the Declaration of Independence as†¦show more content†¦Emma Willard Emma Willard was a pioneer in education for women in a time when it was believed that only men should be educated. She was a successful author of educational textbooks that were deeply rooted in the Bible. Her educational philosophy was that Christianity was important to public education. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was the most significant educator in the African American community. He also headed the Tuskegee Institution and founded a Bible College to improve education for pastors. His school incorporated Biblical principles into every aspect of education (Barton, (2004)). Daniel Webster Daniel Webster had much influence on the educational system in America. He tried a case before the United State’s Supreme Court regarding a school in Philadelphia that had forbid religious leaders to be on the campus of the school. He believed that the Word of God was it was a force that would last to the end of time. He opposed any education that restricted the Bible from education (Barton, (2004)). MEASURING RESULTS OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES Martin Luther Martin Luther stated very well that if we do not teach the Word of God in public schools, then the schools would be so corrupt that children would be led to hell (Barton, (2004)). He believed that the Word of God would foster a society of goodness. His educational philosophy was â€Å"the Holy Scriptures must be taught in all publicShow MoreRelatedEssay How to Give American Students a Billingual Education1325 Words   |  6 PagesColumbus first said when stepping on American soil. Perhaps he said: â€Å"This land holds great promise.† Whatever he said the more fascinating question to ponder centers around what language did he speak, for Christopher Columbus, a multi-linguist, knew Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. So what happened to the diversity of languages in this land of promise? 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Many of the things that they implemented in the first colonies are still seen today in the social and governmental structures of the United States. Their beliefs and traditions are still practiced today and many social mores are still being adhered to, even now. The PuritansRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe education of the young mind is an important step in preparing the child for future learning experiences. The evolution of early childhood education has changed how adults and parents view the importance of offering stimulating and exciting opportunities to the very young. Early childhood Education offers the young child learning experiences that benefit them throughout their educational career. They soon embark on a whole new world of learning. These children are not only experiencing standardRead MoreEssay Case Study: Early American Education826 Words   |  4 Pageswill be required to submit the completed chart during Module/Week 4. â€Å"The philosophy of the _____school room______________ in one generation will be the philosophy of ___government_________________ of the next.† – Abraham Lincoln Early American Education Harvard Harvard Directives to students were to study is to know God and Jesus which is eternal life (John 17:3) Harvard’s motto for â€Å"For Christ and the church â€Å"for the glory of Christ. Produced declaration signers: William Hooper, WilliamRead More Education Essay examples739 Words   |  3 PagesEducation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In many different ways, American cultural life during the Jeffersonian Era began to appear as a reflection of the Republican vision of the future. The Republicans had observed many modernizing trends, some of them favorable and others detrimental to their view of an ideal society. 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The MThe Measurement of Psychological Androgeny by Sandra Bem

Sandra Bem, a pioneer in social psychology, introduced the concept of androgyny in her 1974 study, ‘The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny’. Bem was the first in her field to suggest that masculinity and femininity range on two separate dimensions as opposed to one single dichotomy. The study encountered statistically significant results to this idea and it was found that Bem’s idea of androgyny had been supported. Further psychological research has shown that Bem’s original study had great impact on the psychological and sociological communities together, influencing further researching and becoming applicable as a reference in court proceedings such as, that of Norrie May-Welby (Bibby, 2013). In 1981, Bem furthered her research with ‘Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex-Typing’, a revision of the findings from her 1974 study with an additional analysis on how gender is perceived and determined by the individual and the cogniti ve processes involved in identifying maleness and femaleness in the environment. The BSRI remains applicable to both disciplinary and practicing psychology and will still produce similar results (Carver et al, 2013). Bem was a significant influence on the study of psychological androgyny and social psychology as a whole. The 1974 study prompted much criticism, which Bem often considered in her further works, assisting to further the understanding of androgyny and gender in psychology. Bem believed that the masculine/feminine

Research Reading Newspaper Habits Free Essays

string(89) " there is null number of student who strongly disagree that they love to read newspaper\." I. Introduction B. Background of the Study Newspapers help to improve reading habits, knowledge and awareness. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Reading Newspaper Habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now They can be part of good study habits for students in any area of specialization. Malaysia is a developing country with many ethnic communities who wish to live together. Efforts to solve cultural adaptation problems should be multi-dimensional and long term. Nowadays many students are not aware alert with the information surrounding and the current issue that happened in the world and Malaysia especially. Therefore, we are really believed that by reading the newspaper will help student especially to gain their knowledge. A newspaper is usually an everyday publication. It contains news, opinions, advertisements, notice and information of all kinds. It also publishes all matters of general interest. It is a very useful mass medium. It keeps people aware about the current events of the world. It publishes views about national and international issues and public opinion. Commodity prices, share market reports, race course events, sports news, news about films, fashions and entertainments are some of its regular features. Newspapers have also columns for children and women and even for the students’ preparation for examination. In fact, a newspaper is an encyclopaedia, a store house of knowledge and information at the cheapest price. Thus a newspaper bears interest of every section of people and is an attraction for every kind of readers. C. Problem Statement By reading the newspaper we really ensure that there are important for college students, whose needs being up to date with the issue around them. Many of them are not taking serious with the knowledge that happened and the levels of their knowledge of the current issues are very low. That will give the negative effect of their knowledge of current issues and might be effect when they want to find the job in the future. D. Purpose The purpose of this report is to investigate the newspaper reading habits among part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka. E. Objective The objectives of the report are to investigate the newspaper reading habits of Part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka and recommend the action that should be taken to enhance these habits among the students. F. Significant Report I. To the respondents This research is hoped to give hands to students in measuring their level of global and current issue knowledge by reading the newspaper. It also helps them to improve their languages and communication skill weakness by reading the newspapers. This research is a guide to helping college students take charge of their learning in their university environment, by capitalizing on their motivation arising from curiosity. It helps students gain independence from the lecture-study-exam system, with a resulting sense of thinking â€Å"I know my stuff†. The guide argues that many students who do not work to their potential have a low awareness of behaviours that contribute to academic success. II. To the researchers This research will give the researcher some knowledge about the factors that influence UiTM students of reading habits. The researcher will get experience due to exposure to the real situation as it require researcher to communicate directly to the respondents. The environmental situation can be useful in the future for the researcher in dealing with the real environment. III. To the faculty With this study, the researchers expect that faculty will develop strategic solutions regarding newspaper reading habits if we found out that most of the students have newspaper reading habits are very low. Furthermore, this study also can assist other students to gather information and make reference to findings from past research. G. Limitations This study has several limitations which are: I. The sample of the study The sample of the study was too small since only taken at UiTM KBM, only involve business faculty. It is also limited within part 4 students. The information and feedback were obtained only from small group of population caused in narrow result. II. Data collection method The result of this research is limited due to only one of data collection method applied. The research only use questionnaire to collect data from respondent. It also may raise the possibility of dishonesty in answering the questionnaire. III. Data Analysis The analysis only uses frequency and percentage as method of measurement of findings. It may be resulting in less accurate in findings. I. Procedural Methods A. Primary sources data 1. Questionnaires This questionnaire is about newspaper reading habits. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the newspaper reading habits among part 4 students in UiTM KBM. The information of this report was obtained through a survey in which 50 questionnaire were distributed to part 4 students at UiTM in this campus. There are 50 questions in this survey that can help the respondents to know about how well they gain their knowledge and also can discover their areas that will make them attract to read the newspapers. The scale of measurement of this survey is liked and multiple choices scale. B. Secondary data We also used secondary sources of data to get more information in order to complete this research. The sources of data that we have used are journal and article that we had obtain from the internet. These articles and journal has helped lots in finding good references and information that can be used in this research. II. Data Analysis The analysis only uses frequency, number and percentage as method of measurement of findings. It may be resulting in less accurate in findings. III. Main Findings It was found that: The finding report such as follows: QUESTION 1 Figure 4. 1 The figure 4. 1 shows that 12 of students are strongly agree that they love to read newspaper but only 16 of students agree. On the other hand, 12 of students indicate neutral and only 10 students who are disagree about this statement. But there is null number of student who strongly disagree that they love to read newspaper. You read "Research Reading Newspaper Habits" in category "Essay examples" According to the graph, mostly UiTM KBM students agree that they love to read newspaper. The students will read newspaper at least once a month rather than not read it at all. This finding shows that the newspaper reading habit among Uitm KBM students is good. QUESTION 2 Figure 4. 2 The figure 4. 2 shows that 3 of students are strongly agree that they read newspaper every morning and only 11 students who are agree. However, 23 students are neutral and 12 students disagree that they read newspaper every morning. But only 1 student who is strongly disagreeing read newspaper every morning. The graph shows that the number of neutral students is higher han others. So this means that, there are many students still read newspaper every morning even though the students who disagree read newspaper every morning increase. This indicates that, many students still read newspaper even though there are many things that most interesting for teenagers. QUESTION 3 Figure 4. 3 The figure 4. 3 shows that 10 students who are strongly agree that the price of newspaper is affordable to purcha se and the number increase to the 18 student who are agree with the price of newspaper. On the other hand, 12 students are neutral, 7 students are disagreeing and the rest is only 3 students who strongly disagree that the price of newspaper is affordable to purchase. Mostly, students are agreeing that the price of newspaper is affordable to purchase. Even they still studying and not have higher income; they still can affordable to purchase newspaper. Usually the price of newspaper is around RM1. 50. So, there is no reason why students or any people are not affording to buy newspaper. QUESTION 4 Figure 4. 4 The figure 4. shows that 3 students are strongly agreed that they have allocated some of their money to buy newspaper monthly. However, there are 15 students who are agreed and 17 students who are neutrally spend some money to buy newspaper every month. But 10 students are disagreeing about this statement and the rest is 5 students who strongly disagree that they are not allocate some of their money to buy any newspaper monthly. Mostly, students react neutrally to spe nd some of their money to buy newspaper every month. This is because, as a student, they have no enough money to spend some of their money to buy newspaper monthly. They will buy it if there is enough money for them to spend for their foods, assignments and others. QUESTION 5 Figure 4. 5 The figure 4. 5 shows those 4 students who strongly agree and 16 students who are agree to spend their time at least 30 minutes daily to read newspaper. But it is increase one number in neutral which is 17 students who are neutral to spend at least 30 minutes daily to read newspaper. There are 12 students who are disagree about to spent their time to read newspaper. But only one person who is strongly disagrees about this statement. Mostly, students sometime spending their time to read newspaper in the library, buy it themselves or online the news. According to survey, many students love to spend their idle time to read newspaper. Usually, UiTM KBM students refer to read newspaper in the library when they have no class at that time. QUESTION 6 Figure 4. 6 The figure 4. 6 shows the selection of headline among respondent of UiTM KBM students when buy the newspaper. 27% of the respondent choose neutral and disagree for the selection of headline when buy the newspaper which is they would buy the newspaper when the headline is sensationalized. Then, followed by 18% of respondent chose to agree and strongly agree buy the newspaper because of the sensationalized headline and other 10% strongly disagree about the choosing of sensationalized headline when buying the newspaper. From this question, we can see that the bigger amounts of respondent are disagree with the question which is choosing the sensational headline when buying the newspaper and also many of them do not feel like the sensational headline is the issue to buy the newspaper. Other than that, the other respondent shows the attraction of the sensational headline is the factor that they choose to buy the newspaper. QUESTION 7 Figure 4. 7 The figure 4. 7 shows the news in the newspaper that the respondent rate based on the informative news in the newspaper. The higher percentage shows 37% of the respondent agree the news is informative to them and followed by 24% of the respondent strongly agree that the news in the newspaper is informative. About 18% of the respondent feel there are few news in the newspaper is informative and 12% of the respondent disagree the news in the newspaper is informative. The least respondent which is only 10% of them strongly disagree that the news is informative. We can see from this that, the respondent will read the newspaper because they want to information and it show that they realize the newspaper can provide them more information. The least respondent that strongly disagree with the statement that they can get the information from the newspaper because they feel like they would prefer to get the information from other sources like internet, library and etc. QUESTION 8 Figure 4. 8 The figure 4. 8 show the respondent would choose to use both sources to know about the news that represent about 26% of them. Followed by 24 % disagree, 19 % strongly disagree, 17% agree and only 10 % strongly agree. We can see that the respondent prefer to use both source to get what information that they want because they can get the information in newspaper if the information that they want are not shown in the television. The other side, the respondent was strongly disagree with the statement is the second highest because they think that the news also provided in the television and it is for them to understand the information that they want. QUESTION 9 Figure 4. 9 The figure 4. 9 shows the statement that the respondent can get the information from newspaper and 36 percent of them answer they can gain knowledge not only from the newspaper; they also can gain the knowledge from the media Massa. Followed by 32% of respondent agree with the statement, 18% strongly agree, 12% disagree, and only 4% strongly disagree. We can see that they feel easy to gain knowledge from the newspaper because most of the respondents give a positive answer to the question. QUESTION 10 Figure 4. 10 The figure 4. 10 shows the respondent whether they practice or not reading newspaper as a part of the life. Many of them feel like they want to practice it as a part of their life and also try other method to be a habit on gaining the knowledge. We can see that the highest respondent chooses to practice reading newspapers as a part of their life which is 36%. Followed by 22% of respondent agree to practice newspaper reading habit as a part of their life because they can gain more knowledge and also improve their reading skill. 8 percent of the respondent strongly disagree with the practice newspaper reading habit as a part of their life, followed by 14% disagree and only 12% strongly disagree to practice newspaper reading habit as a part of their life. QUESTION 11 Figure 4. 11 From the figure 4. 11 it was found that out of 50 respondents, they have chosen parents that influenced them to read the newspaper which contributed 62%. The 12 respondents agree that their peers were influence d them to read the newspaper. Next 8% of the respondents are believe that the lecturer in the university have been influences them to read the newspapers. However, 3 of the respondent said that they self and seeking of the information needed are the factors that influenced them to read newspapers. QUESTION 12 Figure 4. 12 From the figure 4. 12, it was found that the majority of the respondents are read newspaper for 2-3 times in a week. The14 respondents are been chosen that they only read newspaper for 1 time in a week. Then the10 respondents are read the newspaper for 4-5 times in a week. However, there are 8 respondents only read the newspaper for everyday (6-7 times). QUESTION 13 Figure 4. 13 From the figure 4. 3, it was found that the majority of the respondents have been chosen that they are more prefer to the newspaper. The 15 of the respondents are more prefer to the news online. The next 14 of our respondents are preferred on the both types of the newspaper to getting the information and knowledge. QUESTION 14 Figure 4. 14 From the figure 4. 14, it was found that the most of the respondents are choosing Harian Metro as their f avourite newspaper. The 22% of our respondents are choosing News Strait Times. The next 18% of our respondents are choosing The Star. The rest of the respondents are stated other newspaper as their favourite newspaper such as Berita Harian, Utusan, Kosmo and Sinar Harian as the choice. QUESTION 15 Figure 4. 15 From the figure 4. 15, it was found that the majority of the respondents are loved to read News section when they are reading the newspaper. The 32% of the respondents are chosen the Sport section. Then the 28% of the respondents are chosen the Entertainment section every time they read newspaper. The respondent number 17 are choosing Others (he or she are not specify their answer) as their favourite section in the newspaper. QUESTION 16 Figure 4. 16 From the figure 4. 16 shows the percentage of UiTM KBM students in choosing the famous method that newspaper use to attract readers. 50% which is 25 out of 50 respondents choose sensational headline as a newspaper famous method. Next, 32% which is 16 respondents out of 50 choose being more creative in packaging the information as a newspaper famous method. Only 9 respondents which is 18% choose do survey of people readership habits method as a newspaper famous method and none of them choose others. QUESTION 17 Figure 4. 17 From the figure 4. 7 shows the percentage of UiTM KBM students in choosing the best benefits that they can get from reading newspaper. 56% which is 28 out of 50 respondents choose new information benefit that they can get from reading newspaper. Next, 30% which is 15 respondents out of 50 choose increase confident level as benefit. Only 5 respondents which are 10% choose improve language and verbal ability as benefit that they can get from reading newspaper and none of them choose others. QUESTION 18 Figure 4. 18 From the figure 4. 18 shows the percentage of UiTM KBM students in choosing the barrier that may hinder them from reading newspaper. 2% which is 21 out of 50 respondents choose lack of awareness as barrier to them from reading newspaper. Next, 32% which is 16 respondents out of 50 choose limited time as barrier to them due to a lot of assignment and pack schedule. Only 13 respondents which are 26% choose information obtained from other sources as barrier for them to read newspaper and none of them choose others. QUESTION 19 Figure 4. 19 From the figure 4. 19 shows the percentage of UiTM KBM students frequently in visiting the UiTM KBM library for the purpose of reading newspaper. 42% hich is 21 out of 50 respondents will go to the library only at their free periods to read newspaper. Next, 30% which is 15 respondents out of 50 said none of them visited the library for the purpose of reading newspaper. Only 14 out of 50 respondents which are 28% said they had visited the library once only and none of them choose others. QUESTION 20 Figure 4. 20 From the figure 4. 20 shows the percentage of UiTM KBM student’s impression towards newspaper services rendered by the UiTM KBM. 38% which is 19 out of 50 respondents had rate good and poor impression equally. Next, 22% which is 11 respondents out of 50 had rate excellent on newspaper services rendered by the UiTM KBM and only 1 respondent which is 2% had choose others as his or her impression. . IV. Main Conclusion This research investigated the newspaper reading habits among the part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka. The primary data were collected by the randomly distributing questionnaires to 50 students. As a mention earlier in the introduction, the purpose of this study was to investigate the newspaper reading habits among student to gain their knowledge. The following conclusions can be draw from the study. To begin with, this study can be that the part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka are still not make reading newspapers to be their habits. In addition, we are believed that the students are not really using the facilities given by the university. They still give some reasons on the refusing reading the newspaper. Therefore parents, lecturer, peers and communities surrounding have to take action to open their eyes that to prove by reading the newspaper they will gain their knowledge that can be use for their future. Otherwise, the student will be lack of the knowledge of current issue around them. However, these findings are only true for the UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka students and cannot be generalized to other university students. The same study need to be conducted with students from other universities to see if there are any similarities with the factors that will influence of newspaper reading habits and the effect of that to the student itself for he or she in the future. V. Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following are the several recommendations to increase the newspaper reading habits. Library users read newspaper to get the latest information about what is happening around. Newspaper is essential for university students but due to the enormous explosion of information published in the form of newspapers in different languages in particular, it is impossible for libraries to subscribe all that is published at the national and international levels. Under these circumstances the best way of serving the users is by proper display of newspaper and notifying users about new information related to education. In library there should be adequate newspaper to accelerate reading habits. This study help librarians understand the importance of newspapers and improve the services related to the newspapers. In order to maintain and raise the newspaper reading habit among the UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka, the other suggestions and recommendation is to promote newspaper reading habit among other students in this campus. Besides that, electronic newspapers are more help to read all information in a very short period. So, students can read newspaper every time and everywhere. Online newspapers also may help to find out latest development in various fields, employment news and other important news to improve their knowledge skills. On the other hand, the educational institutions should motivate and give opportunity to the students for read online newspapers and improve their knowledge skills. Besides that, as a student, they have to find and make more time for reading, always have a book or newspaper around, set a reading goal, keep a log, keep a list and build your own strategy and drop everything read. VI. References Norazman Abdul Majid, M. A. (2012). Academic Report Writing From Research to Presentation (Updated Second Edition). Kuala Lumpur: Prentice Hall. Kumar, D. (2011). Retrieved from Digital Common University India: http://digitalcommons. unl. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1488;context=libphilprac;sei-redir=1;referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. google. com. my%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dnewspaper%2520reading%2520habits%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CGEQFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%25 How to cite Research Reading Newspaper Habits, Essays

Views of the State of Nature Held by Hobbes and Locke free essay sample

I shall start off by first defining the meaning of A State of Nature. As the likes of Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke wrote about it, it means man when he was natural in his state of nature, uninfluenced by society, and the temptations of today. There are no rights in a state of nature, only freedom to do as one wishes. It is a term used to illustrate the theoretical condition of civilization before the states foundation in Social Contract Theories. In the dictionary it is described as â€Å"a wild primitive state untouched by civilization. Both Hobbes and Locke discuss the state of nature with the positives and negatives in mind. Thomas Hobbs wonders what life would be like without a government to keep ruling over all of us, and John Locke believed the government should be working for the citizens and protecting them. Throughout my essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting their differences and similarities. I begin my essay by first taking a look at John Locke and his opinions and beliefs. John Locke lived from 1632 till 1704; during his life he founded the School of Empiricism. He studied at the Westminster School in London; he gained a Bachelor of Medicine in 1674 after having studied at Oxford. He had never married, nor had he children; he died in 1704 after a long demur in his health. Locke published his Second Treatise of Government in 1689 anonymously as it an extremely strong minded piece of Political Philosophy. It outlines a theory based on contract theory and natural rights. In The Second Treatise of Government Locke asks, What State all men are in? What is a State of Nature? From everything I have read, in my opinion, I believe Locke’s idea of state of nature to be a state of paradise, it sounds quite idyllic, no currency worries, no prejudice, no one man is better than the other. What State are all Men in? First of all Locke believed all men were born as equals, with a good and independent nature. It was in 1960 that Locke wrote his Two Treatises of Government, and within this he attacked the theory of Divine right of Kings and the nature of the State, as conceived by Hobbes. I read in detail his Second Treatise of Government and found it an extremely interesting read. Locke has a different view on the State of Nature in contrast to Hobbs; he supposed human nature was characterized by tolerance and reason. Locke believed human nature was what possessed men to act selfish, this is seen with the introduction of currency. Without currency and in a natural state, everyone was equal, â€Å"should also be equal amount another without subordination or subjection † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 8). No one had more or less than the other. Therefore everyone was independent, and reliant on only their selves. Locke wrote: â€Å"For all men it’s a state of perfect freedom to order their actions/as they think fit, within the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending on the will of any other man† Man had the right to do as his wished and that in true nature we are all reasonable beings, and therefore we should use our rationality to live together, not needing a social contract to bind us all, but using reason and instinct to guide us to living peacefully together. What State are all men naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom, to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons. † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 8. ) Locke claimed that a Political Society only came about because people gave up their natural power to protect their property, and gave into the hands of the community. Locke believed it to be the community that punished offences and handled dispute s, for he feared a State of Nature didn’t have everyone’s rights protected, and therefore a Government was needed to protect their three absolute rights. These being Life, Liberty and Property. In summarise, Locke believed a State of Nature was a placed where man makes his own natural laws, no one man has power over the other, this does not, though, give man right to abuse his fellow, and thus leads to there being Natural Law within this State of Nature. He says all men are in a State of Nature until they make a special agreement which in turn makes them a component of a political society. â€Å"But I moreover affirm that all men are naturally in that state, and remain so, till by their own consents they make themselves members of some politic society, and I doubt not in the sequel of this discourse, to make it very clear. (Second Treatise of Government, Page 13/14). Hobbs views A State of Nature in a different way, he views it as a State of War, in which everyman has to fight for himself, meaning that selfishness and self preservation would chair over morality and dignity. â€Å" the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination or by co nfederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself. † (Leviathan). To Hobbs life without a Government would lead to this State of Nature or this State of War as he preferred. In order for man to live beside one another they would need to agree to a Social Contract. His book ‘Leviathan’ was written during the English Civil War and tells us of his doctrine for the groundwork of legitimate governments and societies. Hobbs was born April 1588 and went on the graduate from Oxford, as did Locke. From 1637 he considered himself a philosopher. Hobbs questions what life would be like without a Government, everyone having a right, in Hobbs view would lead to there being a break out of conflict, each man fighting against his fellow. He believes our lives would be solitary, and so to escape this solitary life man must agree to a Social Contract. In Hobbs’s view, we, as a society, are a population underneath a key authority to which all individuals must surrender their natural rights for their own protection. One downfall I see is that any abuse of this power by whoever holds this authority is to be accepted as the price of piece. Which seems somewhat contradictory to me, for surly if the person who held this authority was to abuse this power he posses there were surly be an outcry of war and conflict between him and those that are lower than him. Whereas in A State of Nature, everyone is equal and is to do as they please. Both a State of Nature and having a main authority figure have their consequences and sacrifices. Hobbs main idea was that the Government has been given this colossal responsibility to keep peace at whichever cost, for it was our right, as humans, to life. Oppression and tyranny was tolerable to Hobbs, so long as people’s lives were guarded. With Hobbs, as soon as a Civil Government is formed, this State of Nature, of equality is executed and no longer exists amid individuals, because of the civil power which is around to put into effect contracts. But, between nations, there is no power like this which exists and this leads to war, the nations right to protect and preserve their selves, just as man in a State of Nature possessed. Where Locke differs is that he believes a State of Nature was already a State of War, and in order to defer this from happening a main authority figure was needed to keep the peace and overrule all that was happening. Locke has a somewhat more positive view on a State of Nature; he has faith in man and the individual, believing that naturally we are good natured. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 9). He believes we can all live peacefully together because that is naturally how we want to be. He has a lot of faith in reason, and feels that’s what governs us as men, is our ability to reason, and therefore he thinks we will not harm another, or touch another’s possessions because our reason and natural state tells us otherwise. Hobbs had a darker view, believe that man would act in a more selfish way and would go to many lengths to gain what he wanted. â€Å" and therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies, and in the way to their End (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue another. † (Leviathan). Jealousy, war, the need to have become over powering , man would go as far as to kill to get what he wants in a State of Nature, for there is no overall power to give law as to what is right and wrong. He believed to stop this there would have to be a Government that kept the peace. He believed we would continually be in competition for natural needs like shelter, food etc, and a Government could control the taking of these things. To me this doesn’t sound like a society that anyone would be content in, and Hobbs wrote â€Å"men have no pleasure (but on the contrary a great deal of grief) in keeping company where there is no power able to overawe them all. † (Leviathan). Locke doesn’t feel we need a Government ruling over us because we should have a contracted relationship between ourselves, man, and chosen government authorities. To bring this topic into our current time I shall make an example explaining Locke’s idea. If, for example, Gordon Brown was the suddenly declare that all those of a certain faith were evil and not to be trusted, and ordered for their arrest right away, without any proof they had done wrong or broken the law, then Locke believed people would replace and overthrow Gordon Brown with another Authority figure that would not violate the Social Contract that was agreed n between man and the Government individuals. As I had said before, Hobbs believed man one right was to life, and it was therefore the Governments responsibility to keep the peace and protect us. He felt killing someone in a State of Nature was the same as letting someone live, because to Hobbs in a State of Nature anything is allowed. With no Governm ent setting laws and telling people how to act man can do as he wishes. â€Å"Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. (Leviathan). But this is where we see Locke having more faith in man, he believed the people within this State of Nature would have their limits on what they believed was right or wrong, what they could or could not do. One example of this is that people within the State of Nature would be allowed to live by whatever life rules they believed in, so long as they did not inflict harm on other people. But I believe this is not how people would live, without one all ruling leader there will always be conflict. Look at our society today, there are many different Governments, with different laws, living by different religions and beliefs, and there is still harm being inflicted upon one another. With one over bearing ruler, one main figure of authority surly all rules and laws would be the same, and therefore we would all have to live as an equal society? In Hobbs view, today we would need one main figure to keep the peace and control what happened, society having to make certain sacrifices. To Locke, I believe he would be shocked at mans, what now seems, instinctive emotion to hurt one another, to protect their selves no matter what. Looking at 9/11, it blows Locke’s theory out of the water, that man may believe in any religion they wish so long as they do not inflict harm on another human, and it somewhat highlights Hobbs theory, that without one authority figure, it is our natural instinct to protect ourselves, this shown with America invading Iraq. A lot of people say that Locke’s State of nature is much nicer than Hobbs, and yes, Hobbs’s idea of a State of Nature isn’t what we would like it to be, but I see Locke’s idea of a State of Nature as a kind of idyllic dream. That isn’t how man is; Hobbs is a lot more realistic in the sense of Society today. Obliviously it is a lot more complicated than just inserting a main Authority figure, but it doesn’t appear the Government and Societies are working to keep peace very well today. I favour very much Hobbs idea of a State of Nature, which he believes to be more a State of War. â€Å"Hereby is it manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war. † (Leviathan). Life would be a constant battle to protect oneself and one’s possessions. With no laws, no one to dictate what is right or wrong, whether we believe it morally to be true or not, there are men who will do what it takes to gain what they want. Self preservation would out rule morals and it would almost certainly be a ‘dog eat dog’ world. However, I would very much like to live in a world, a state, which Locke describes and believes in, but from the way society is today, personal experiences, it’s not hard to see that mans natural ability to not harm another is shadowed somewhat by his desire to take care of his own interests. Thomas Hobbs and John Locke are two of the most significant influences of modern Government. One has complete confidence in man, the other does not. One believes we need one figure that holds all responsibility to keep man at peace with another, one believes a social contract between man and an elected figure is needed to keep peace. Either way you can’t really argue that these two men have had a massive influence on society, it was even said that Locke’s Second Treatise of Government to a great extent influenced the American Declaration of Independence. Though both have a lot of difference in how they view a State of Nature, I also see similarities, the main one being, although different types, they both feel some kind of Government is needed within a State of Nature so there can be boundaries. A world without any kind of Government to set laws and inflict justice would be a world with constant riot, war, and over run with selfishness and man’s one need to keep him alive. To Hobbs, one authority figure would keep the people from a State of Nature and a State of War, but Locke felt this figure was already within this State of Nature, and because of his absolute authority, had put himself in a State of War with the individuals of this civilization. Also, they both believe in mans one right to preserve himself, though Locke has more faith in man in that he will reason with himself and not harm another, whereas Hobbs believes man would go to any lengths to protect himself, even the urder of his fellow man. To Hobbs, in a State of Nature, man determines right and wrong but what he needs and wants, whereas Locke takes on more the view of reason, and right and wrong is determined by mans morals and reasons. But differences aside, without Hobbs influence on Locke’s work political society would be very different today. Hobbs first highlighted Social Contract Theory, and Locke was the first to argue it. The world of politics owes a lot to them.

Submission to Standing Committee on Economics

Question: Discuss about the Submission to Standing Committee on Economics. Answer: Introduction: Issue: In the present situation, it is required to analyze the residential status of Julie as per Australian Taxation Office who originally belongs to Vancouver, Canada. Julie, 22 years old arrived Brisbane, Australia based on a 12- months working holiday visa on September 2, 2015 for the purpose of holiday and temporary work. Therefore, the case requires determination of Julies residential status in Australia for the year ended 30 June 2016 as per TR 98/17, ITAA 97. Law: Regulations of TR 98/17 ITAA 97 provides that an individual is considered as Australian resident for the purpose of tax if the individual has permanent residence in the country. However, in case of foreign resident, individual is referred as Australian resident for taxation purpose if the individual stays in the country for more than six months in the financial year according to the constructive residential test in Australia (Ato.gov.au 2016). The regulation of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 further provides that if an individual arrives in Australia based on working- holiday visa and travels to different locations then the individual will not be considered as an Australian resident even if the stay exceeds six months (Austlii.edu.au 2016). Analysis: The present case of Julie is similar to Miller v. FCT (1946) 73 CLR in which court held that the individual should not be considered as a resident of Australia for taxation purpose since, the individuals permanent residence was England. The taxpayer arrived in Australia and stayed for more than six months but travelled to different locations for work hence, the taxpayer will be considered as a foreign resident as per Australian Taxation Office (Sharkey 2015). Another similar case on Applegate v. FCT (1979) ATC 4307, court decided that the taxpayer would not be regarded as Australian resident as per the meaning of ordinary resident since his permanent place of living was outside Australia. It was held that the taxpayer travelled Australia for the purpose of holidaying hence, he will be considered as non- resident as per Australian Taxation Office. Since, Julies permanent resident is in Canada and travelled Australia for holiday and work for temporary period hence, ordinary r esides test cannot be satisfied. On the contrary, Julie stayed in Australia for more than six months but travelled to different locations which is similar to the decided case of Reid v. ICR (1926) TC 292 (Kirsch 2016). Accordingly, Julie would be considered as non- resident in Australia for the purpose of tax. Conclusion: Considering the above discussion on Julies stay in Australia, it can be concluded that Julie is non- resident Australian during the year ended on 30 June 2016. Julies stay in Australia constitutes from September 2 2015 to June 16 2016 i.e. more than six months but since she travelled to different locations during her stay for holidaying and working, she cannot be considered as Australian resident under the principles of ITAA 97 TR 98/17 during the year 2015-2016. Principles of TR 98/17 ITAA 97 provides that the non- resident taxpayer is liable to pay tax under Australian Taxation Office only if the income has been earned in Australia during the stay referred as a source country. Any other income received from other countries will not be assessable in the taxable income as per the regulations of Australian Taxation Office since income generation was not from the source country (Ato.gov.au 2016). Accordingly, Julies income during the financial year 2015- 16 will be assessable as per her residential status determined in the first requirement. As per the conclusion of the requirement, it has been determined that Julie is non- resident Australian for the year ended 30 June 2016 therefore income derived in Australia would be assessable as per section 6-5, ITAA 97. Salary income derived from the employment in Canada for the period prior to August 31 2015 equivalent amount to AUD$ 5,500 will not be included in the assessable income as per Australian Taxation System because it was not derived in Australia. Similar to the case of Henderson v. FCT (1970) 119 CLR 612, court contended that income earned other than in source country would not be assessed for the taxation year (Zucman 2014). Income from salary derived in Bundaberg, Australia from the fruit grower amounted to AUD$ 6,000 would be included in the assessable income since it was earned in Australia. The income will be assessed according to the regulation of Australian Taxation Office because Julie earned the salary during her stay in Australia for the year ended 30 June 2016. Income earned as a bank interest in Australia amount to $180 would be included in the assessable income in accordance of ITAA 97 since Julie derived the income in Australia during her stay. The present situation is identical to the decided case of FCT v. Dunn (1989) 20 ATR 356 in which court decided that the income earned in the source country should be assessable in Australia in compliance with ITAA 97 (Cao et al. 2015). Interest income from the bank account in Canada is not an income derived in the source country therefore, the same would not be assessable as per the principles of Australian Taxation System (Lang 2014). Hence, referring to the decided case of FCT v. Dunn (1989) 20 ATR 356, the equivalent amount of interest income AUD$ 200 including withholding tax deduction $20 would not be assessable in Australia during the year 2015- 2016. Sale proceeds earned from the sale of personal stuffs including clothes and other things on eBay valued to $220 would be assessable as per ITAA 97. The income would be assessed as per Australian Taxation Office because Julie sold her stuffs before leaving Australia even though the transaction was through online- mode. Similar to the case of Arthur Murray Pty Ltd v. FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314, it can be contended that the income proceeds generated through online during the stay in source country would be deemed to be earned in Australia (King and Case 2015). Therefore, sales income $220 would be assessed as per Australian Taxation System for the year 2015- 2016. Related allowable deductions As per the taxation laws in Australia, every individual who is a resident or non-resident (income source is in Australia) requires to tax on the income generated from different sources (Woellner et al. 2016). There are mainly three different sources, which the government of the country considers for calculating the taxable income and these sources are personal income in terms of salaries or wages, capital gain and the income from business or any other professions. While calculating the taxable income, the government considers all applicable deductions and exemptions as mentioned in ITAA 97 (Ato.gov.au 2016). In this point, it is important to mention that while claiming for the deductions, the individuals who are paying the tax need to prove the expenditures are related to the work. At the same time, the individuals are also requiring to provide each relevant information or documents in support of their claim for deduction (Smith et al. 2016). Here, the deduction regime for the taxpayers in Australia is identified through critical analysis and discussion. In the first part of the discussion, the principles of good taxation system are evaluated critically. The discussion and evaluation show that how the principles of good taxation system can help the taxpayers in Australia. The critical analysis or evaluation is done so that the simplicity and reliability of good taxation system can be better understood. While analyzing these principles, the current taxation system in Australia is compared with the good taxation principles. Along with that, at the end, the Australian taxation system is compared with the New Zealands taxation system. Discussing the background of Australian taxation system Regulations provided under ITAA 97/36 are the main basis of calculating the taxable income of the individuals in Australia. In Australia, there are mainly three level of government, who take part in the tax calculation of income tax of the people in the country (Barkoczy 2016). These three levels help the government of the country verifying and calculating the actual tax liability of the individual in context of salaries or wages, income of professions or business and capital gains. The regulations under the ITAA 97/36 have mentioned that in order to get the deduction benefits on expenses, the individuals are required to prove that the expenses are related with their works. In case of Australia, maximum limit of paying the tax is 45%, which indicates that an individual can pay maximum tax of 45% on his or her total taxable income (Austlii.edu.au 2016). As per the rules, the Federal government in Australia requires to collect 67% of income tax revenue in a financial year (Austlii.edu.au 2016). In order to identify the taxable income of an individual in Australia, the government considers the time period, which starts from 1st July of the current year to 30th June of the next year (Warren 2016). The regulations and guidelines under the ITAA 97 have stated that the tax payers in Australia must file the withhold tax, income tax return and other income taxes and along with that paying the Medicare levy is also the responsibility of the income tax payers in the country. The individuals in Australia require paying 2% Medicare Levy on their taxable income (Ato.gov.au 2016). Evaluating the background of the Australian deduction regime Any taxpayer in Australia can claim for the deductions on the expenses, which are allowed by the Australian tax system for deductions. As per the Australian taxation law, the expenses for which the deductions are claimed must be related to the work of the tax payer (Wilson 2016). There is a particular time at which the individuals can claim the deductions and that is at the time of filling the return file of income tax. Apart from these two basic rules, there are many other rules, which must be maintained by the tax payers in Australian. These rules and guidelines are as follow: One of the main requirements for claiming the deductions on the income tax is presenting the sufficient evidences while making the claim. These documents must be able to prove that the expenses are met by the tax payer in that particular financial year only (Li and Tran 2016). The other requirement of availing the deduction facility in Australia, the expenses must be incurred by the tax payer. If the expenses are incurred by any other person or persons, then that expenses will not be considered as the deductible expenses while calculating the taxable income of the individual (Daniel et al. 2016). Another important requirement for claiming the deduction is that the individuals or the tax payers must claim the deductions only for the expenses which are to their work. The expenses, which are incurred by the taxpayers for any event other than their work, cannot be presented for claiming the deduction (Burton and Karlinsky 2016). The requirements, which are mentioned above are the primary requirements for the deduction claim. However, the deduction claim requires fulfilling many other requirements, which can be considered as the secondary requirements. In schedule A, it has been mentioned that the expenses, for which the tax payers are claiming the deduction must be itemized under the head ordinary and necessary expenditure. At the same time, the expenses, which the employer has not reimbursed, can be claimed for deduction but if that those expenses below 2% of the gross income, then that will not be considered as the deductible expenses (Chardon, Freudenberg and Brimble 2016). The eligible expenses for the deduction are as follows: Expense incurred for paying the license fees for complying with the regulations and professional tax. Expenses incurred for paying the legal fee so that work can be continued. Expenses incurred for purchasing the uniform. Expenses incurred for the work-related travelling (Tran-Nam 2016). Expenses incurred during the education as a part of job training. Depreciation expense that is incurred for the technology, used during the work. Good taxation principles Income tax is the major income source for the government of the country. The development steps taken by the government in any country depend on the amount of income tax that the government can collect from the income tax payers (Mulyadi et al. 2016). This is because if the government earns more income tax, then it can spend more money for the development purposes. However, the government in any country cannot increase its tax income easily. In a country, the government can charge only a certain percentage of tax on the incomes of the individuals (McClure, Lanis and Govendir 2016). At the same time, it is also true that the government cannot charge high percentage of tax on the incomes of the tax payers because that is unethical. Therefore, deciding the correct tax percentage and building a proper taxation system is very important. Daley and Wood (2016) stated that in order to maintain the proper income flow of the government, the country must have a good taxation system. Good taxation system includes neither high tax rate nor very low tax rate. If the tax rate in the country is much high, then the tax payers will try to avoid the tax payment or try to do the fraudulence. On the other side, if the government charges very low tax rate, then the income level of the government will go down and the government will not be able to improve the economic and financial situation of the country. Kiprotich (2016) mentioned that there are mainly four principles of a good taxation system. These principles are stated below: Principle of convenience This principle of good taxation system suggests developing such a taxation system, which is convenient to every taxpayer in the country. Clear and simple guidance or rules must be there so that a balance can be maintained between the time of generating the income and paying the tax for the income (Bernstein and Stiglitz 2016). Principle of economy The principle of economy suggests minimizing the cost of collecting the taxes from the tax payers in the country. The minimization of the cost is possible if the government follow a simple taxation system, so that the tax can be collected easily. If the cost of tax collection is reduced, then the net income of the country will be high (Burak and Nemec 2016). Principle of equality This principle suggests that there must be equality in the taxation system in the country. This indicates that the tax rate must be charged based on the income level of the individuals. If the individual is earning less income, then the tax rate for that individual must be low and if the income level of the individual is high, then the tax rate must be high (McClure, Lanis and Govendir 2016). Principle of certainty As per this principle, the taxation system in a country must charge such a tax rate so that it is ensured that the tax payers in the country can pay the tax properly. This means the tax income of the government must be certain (Bernstein and Stiglitz 2016). From the above discussion, it can be stated that a taxation system can be considered as the good taxation system when it meets the requirements mentioned under the above-mentioned four principles. The four principles indicate that the good taxation system must be simple and include standard tax rate, so that every tax payer in the country can calculate and understand the taxation system. Critically evaluating the Australian deduction regime and good taxation principles The Australian taxation system has mentioned that the individuals can claim for the deductions only on those expenses, which are related to the work of the taxpayers. However, Kiprotich (2016) noted that the taxation system in Australia requires making some amendments in order to convert the taxation system into the good taxation system. In this context, Wilson (2016) argued that the taxation system in Australia is much sound and includes the four primary principles of good taxation system. The TR 95/17 ITAA 97 of Australian taxation law has indicated that in order to claim the deductions, the individuals must prove that the expenses are work related (Barkoczy 2016). This can be identified in the case Lunney v. FCT (1958) 100 CLR 478. In this particular case, the court suggested that to claim the deduction, the expenses must have the characteristics that make the expenses deductible as per the Australian tax law (Tran-Nam 2016). Hence, the court asked the taxpayer Lunney to provide t he documents that prove the expenses are deductible. On the other side, in the case Edwards v. FCT (1994) 49 FCR 318, the tax payer was asked to present that the expenses were incurred for buying the work uniform and other work-related events, so that the deductibility of the expenses can be judge (Daniel et al. 2016). Therefore, from this judgment by the court also proves that in order to claim the deductions, the tax payer must have the relevant documents that prove the expenses are incurred for the work. In this context, Daley and Wood (2016) argued that the taxation system in Australia is much complex. There are huge numbers of rules and regulations, which make the tax payers confused regarding their tax liability. This indicates that the Australian taxation system does not meet the demand of the principle of convenience of good taxation system. In support of this, Wilson (2016) mentioned that many taxpayers in Australia face difficulties while calculating their tax liability because they do not have enough knowledge about the taxa tion rules and regulations. Therefore, in order to convert the taxation system of Australia in to a good taxation system, the government of the country must simplify the system. This simplification can help the government maintaining the principle of certainty. However, McClure, Lanis and Govendir (2016) commented that the government of Australia is able to collect the income tax properly in each financial year. On the contrary, Chardon, Freudenberg and Brimble (2016) stated that the tax rate in Australia is much high than that of the other countries, which can make the taxation system a burden on the tax payers. Therefore, from this discussion, it can be stated that the taxation system in Australia is well developed but in order to be a good taxation system, the government of the country requires simplifying the system and reducing the tax rate. Comparison and contrast with the New Zealand deduction system Unlike the taxation system of Australia, New Zealand taxation system provides tax collection power to the Inland Revenue Department in compliance with the taxation system at national level. According to the New Zealand Taxation System, individual taxpayers are required to pay tax on personal income as well as on business income for the supply of products and services. New Zealand Taxation System does not require taxpayers to pay tax on income from the transfer of capital assets or property (Dridi and Boubaker 2015). However, in certain situations taxpayers are required to pay tax on capital profit, which is considered as income including the profit on sale or transfer of patent right. For the purpose of measuring taxable business income, taxpayers are entitled to claim deductions with respect to several business expenses incurred to derive the business income (Flynn, Belak and Soltis 2014). However, certain business expenses cannot be claimed for deduction even if expended for genera ting the income for business in compliance with the regulations of New Zealand Taxation System. In order to claim the deduction on business expenses, it is important to spend the same particularly for generating the business income as well as during the taxation year. For example, charges of depreciation, charges on goods and service tax and other production expenses can be claimed as work- related deduction for computing taxable income from business during the financial year (Pinto-Sanchez et al. 2015). In view of the work- related deductions in Australia and New Zealand, it has been analyzed that the basic regulations for claiming deduction on business expenses along with requirements for maintaining records of business expenses. It has been observed that the deduction on business expenses can be claimed only if it is directly related to generate business income as per both the taxation system of Australia and New Zealand (Sawyer 2016). Travelling expense, for example can be claimed under work- related deduction only if it is spent solely for the purpose of business or profession. If the travelling expense has been spent for personal purpose fully or partly, then the sane would not be claimed as deduction. On the other hand, expenses incurred to commute in local work location cannot be claimed as deduction under the both the taxation system of Australia and New- Zealand even though it is directly related to work (Austlii.edu.au 2016). Moreover, there are several differences in deduction system of Australia and New Zealand for the purpose of computing taxable income. Taxation system of New Zealand provides that the taxation on capital gain is not applicable to the taxpayers therefore deduction on respective expenses on the capital asset cannot be claimed even if it is used to operate business (Dridi and Boubaker 2015). Besides, capital gain taxation is applicable under Australian Taxation System therefore, taxpayer is entitled to claim deduction expended on the business capital assets during the taxation year. According to the taxation system of New Zealand, provisional tax liability would be imposed on the individual assessees if the previous year residual tax exceeds the threshold limit amounted to $2,500 (Fellows and Kahng 2013). On the other hand, this regulation is not applicable to the taxpayers under the taxation system of Australian Taxation Office rather; probable taxation liability is applicable for payme nt of installment. For the purpose of claiming deduction related to work New Zealand taxation system require taxpayers to claim deduction for in- work tax credit with respect to the inflation rate growth. While, in case of Australian taxation system, individuals are not entitled to claim for such deduction in order to pace with the countrys inflation and economy (Hirte and Tscharaktschiew 2013). Conclusion Considering the explanation and analysis of work- related deduction system in Australia for the taxpayers, it can be said that the federal government is required to constitute simple and fair regulations in accordance with the good taxation system. It has been observed that the current years work- related deduction policy established by the federal government of Australia provides that the taxable income should be determined as and when incurred during the taxation year as well as should be related to specific work. In addition, Australian Taxation Office provides that the taxpayers need to maintain essential documents and invoices to validate the expenses spent on business work. It is also essential to consider the principles of good tax system based on equality, simple and fair means, certainty and economy for the benefit of taxpayers. Accordingly, federal government of Australia established deduction policy in accordance with the principles of good tax system yet there are certain complications in the regulations to claim work- related deductions as well as filing return. In view of the current taxation system, certain complex taxation rulings are difficult to understand and apply for the taxpayers to determine the taxable income under the principles of ITAA 97. For determining the appropriate and accurate nature of work- related expenses for the purpose of deduction with respect to capital and revenue nature, it is essential to for the individuals to have clear understanding of taxation principles. Further, comparison of deduction system in Australia with that of New Zealand reflected several similarities and dissimilarities. Similarities between the two-taxation systems included incorporation of actual expenses, preservation of expenses documents or invoices along with appropriate disclosure and direct relation with the business income derivation. On the other side, differences between the Australian deduction system and New Zealand deduction system are available in terms of in-work tax credit, capital gain tax deductions and provisional tax liabili ty. It has been observed that the deduction system of New Zealand is certainly different and complex compared to that of Australia for understanding the regulations on in- work tax credit or provisional tax liability. Therefore, in order to conclude the analysis, it can be said that the deduction regime of Australia needs to be improved in certain ways in line with the principles of good taxation system to provide equality, economic growth through simple and fair means of regulation. Reference List Ato.gov.au. 2016. Home page. 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